Solubility Product Constants Ksp at 25°C (2023)

The solid phases of aqion are listed here in two tables (together with the solubility product in form of pK_sp = - log₁₀ K_sp):

Table sorted by formula
Table sorted by mineral name

Only a subset of these minerals enter the equilibrium calculations by default. These ‘equilibrium phases’ are marked with a bullet (•). The user is free to activate or deactivate any other mineral to enter the equilibrium calculations – see here.

Table sorted by mineral formula

	Formula	Name	pK_sp	Ref
	(NH4)2CrO4	Amm2CrO4	-0.40	W
•	Al(OH)3	Al(OH)3(a)	31.17	W
	Al(OH)3	Gibbsite	33.86	W
	Al2Si2O5(OH)4	Kaolinite		W
	AlOHSO4	Jurbanite	17.22	W
	AlOOH	Diaspore	35.09	W
	AlOOH	Boehmite	33.39	W
	AsI3	AsI3		W
	Ba3(AsO4)2	Ba3(AsO4)2	50.11	W
•	BaCO3	Witherite	8.56	W
	BaCrO4	BaCrO4	9.67	M
•	BaF2	BaF2	5.76	W
•	BaSO4	Barite	9.97	W
•	Ca(OH)2	Portlandite	5.18	W
	Ca(UO2)2(SiO3OH)2	Uranophane		W
	Ca0.165Al2.33Si3.67O10(OH)2	Montmorillonite-Ca		W
•	Ca5(PO4)3OH	Hydroxyapatite	54.45	W
	Ca6Al2(SO4)3(OH)12:26H2O	Ettringite	-62.54	L
	CaAl2Si2O8	Anorthite		W
	CaCl2	Hydrophilite	-11.79	L
	CaCl2:6H2O	Antarcticite	-4.09	L
•	CaCO3	Calcite	8.48	W
	CaCO3	Aragonite	8.34	W
	CaCO3	Vaterite	7.91	¹
	CaCO3	CaCO3(a)	6.40	²
	CaCO3:6H2O	Ikaite	6.62	²
	CaCO3:H2O	CaCO3:H2O	7.33	²
	CaCrO4	CaCrO4	2.27	M
•	CaF2	Fluorite	10.60	W
	CaHPO4	Monetite	6.91	M
	CaHPO4:2H2O	Brushite	6.61	M
	CaMg(CO3)2	Dolomite	17.09	W
	CaMgSi2O6	Diopside		W
	CaMoO4	Powellite	7.95	M
	CaSO4	Anhydrite	4.36	W
•	CaSO4:2H2O	Gypsum	4.58	W
	Cd(BO2)2	Cd(BO2)2	-0.60	W
•	Cd(OH)2	Cd(OH)2(a)	14.25	W
	Cd3(PO4)2	Cd3(PO4)2	32.60	W
	CdBr2:4H2O	CdBr2:4H2O	2.42	W
	CdCl2	CdCl2	0.68	W
	CdCl2:H2O	CdCl2:H2O	1.71	W
•	CdCO3	Otavite	12.10	W
	CdF2	CdF2	2.98	W
	CdI2	CdI2	3.61	W
•	CdS	Greenockite	29.92	W
	CdSO4	CdSO4	0.10	W
	CdSO4:H2O	CdSO4:H2O	1.66	W
•	Cr(OH)2	Cr(OH)2	17.16	M
•	Cr(OH)3	Cr(OH)3(A)	33.10	M
•	Cr(OH)3	Cr(OH)3(C)	30.65	M
	CrBr3	CrBr3	-29.53	M
	CrCl2	CrCl2	-15.87	M
	CrCl3	CrCl3	-23.13	M
	CrF3	CrF3	3.64	M
	CrI3	CrI3	-30.10	M
	Cu(OH)2	Cu(OH)2	19.34	W
	Cu0.066Cu1.868S	Djurleite	47.91	W
	Cu0.25Cu1.5S	Anilite	45.87	W
	Cu0.6Cu0.8S	BlaubleiI	38.15	W
	Cu0.9Cu0.2S	BlaubleiII	41.27	W
	Cu2(OH)2CO3	Malachite	33.16	W
•	Cu2(OH)3Cl	Atacamite	34.63	W
•	Cu2(OH)3NO3	Cu2(OH)3NO3	32.73	W
	Cu2S	Chalcocite	48.61	W
	Cu3(AsO4)2:6H2O	Cu3(AsO4)2:6w	35.12	W
	Cu3(OH)2(CO3)2	Azurite	44.89	W
	Cu3(OH)4SO4	Antlerite	47.67	W
	Cu3(PO4)2	Cu3(PO4)2	36.85	W
•	Cu3(PO4)2:3H2O	Cu3(PO4)2:3H2O	35.12	W
	Cu4(OH)6SO4	Brochantite	68.60	W
	Cu4(OH)6SO4:H2O	Langite	67.15	W
	CuCl2	Melanothallite	-3.73	W
	CuCO3	CuCO3	9.63	W
	CuCrO4	CuCrO4	5.48	M
•	CuF2	CuF2	0.62	W
•	CuF2:2H2O	CuF2:2H2O	4.55	W
	CuFeO2	CuprousFerrite	64.88	W
	CuFeS2	Chalcopyrite	49.26	W
•	CuI	CuI	11.89	W
	CuO	Tenorite	20.36	W
	CuS	Covellite	36.26	W
	CuSO4:5H2O	Chalcanthite	2.64	W
•	Fe(OH)2	Fe(OH)2	14.08	L
•	Fe(OH)3	Fe(OH)3(a)	37.08	W
	Fe2O3	Hematite	87.95	W
	Fe3O4	Magnetite	108.18	W
	Fe3S4	Greigite	101.00	W
	Fe3Si2O5(OH)4	Greenalite	63.13	W
•	FeAsO4:2H2O	Scorodite	20.25	W
•	FeCO3	Siderite	10.89	W
	FeCr2O4	FeCr2O4		M
	FeMoO4	FeMoO4	10.09	M
	FeO	FeO	14.45	L
	FeOOH	Goethite	42.97	W
•	FePO4:2H2O	Strengite	26.40	W
	FeS	FeS(ppt)	17.91	W
	FeS	Mackinawite	18.64	W
	FeS2	Pyrite	26.89	W
	H3OFe3(SO4)2(OH)6	JarositeH	75.34	W
•	Hg(OH)2	Hg(OH)2	25.38	M
	HgCl2	HgCl2	15.69	M
	HgS	Cinnabar	53.08	M
	HgS	Metacinnabar	52.72	M
	HgSO4	HgSO4	3.32	M
	K0.6Mg0.25Al2.3Si3.5O10(OH)2	Illite		W
	K0.77Na0.03H0.2Fe3(SO4)2(OH)6	Jarosite(ss)	90.35	W
	K2Ca(SO4)2:H2O	Syngenite	7.60	L
	K2CO3:1.5H2O	K2CO3:1.5H2O	3.30	L
	K2Cr2O7	K2Cr2O7	15.67	M
	K2CrO4	K2CrO4	-0.01	M
	K2MoO4	K2MoO4	-3.26	M
	K2SO4	Arcanite	1.80	L
•	KAl(SO4)2:12H2O	AlumK	5.17	W
	KAl3(SO4)2(OH)6	Alunite	85.34	W
	KAl3Si3O10(OH)2	Kmica		W
	KAlSi3O8	Adularia		W
	KCl	Sylvite	-0.85	L
	KFe3(SO4)2(OH)6	Jarosite-K	93.15	W
	KNaCO3:6H2O	KNaCO3:6H2O	6.42	L
	Li2CrO4	Li2CrO4	-4.86	M
•	Mg(OH)2	Brucite	11.14	W
	Mg3(PO4)2:22H2O	Mg3(PO4)2:22H2O	23.10	³
	Mg3(PO4)2:8H2O	Bobierrite	25.20	³
	Mg3Si4O10(OH)2	Talc		W
	MgCl2:6H2O	Bischofite	-4.39	L
	MgCO3	Magnesite	8.03	W
	MgCr2O4	MgCr2O4		M
	MgCrO4	MgCrO4	-5.38	M
	MgHPO4:3H2O	Newberyite	5.80	³
	MgMoO4	MgMoO4	1.85	M
	MgNH4PO4:6H2O	Struvite	13.17	⁴
•	Mn(OH)2	Pyrochroite	12.78	W
•	Mn2(SO4)3	Mn2(SO4)3	5.71	W
	Mn2O3	Bixbyite	84.55	W
	Mn3(AsO4)2:8H2O	Mn3(AsO4)2:8H2O	28.71	W
•	Mn3(PO4)2	Mn3(PO4)2	23.83	W
	Mn3O4	Hausmannite	54.15	W
•	MnCl2:4H2O	MnCl2:4H2O	-2.71	W
•	MnCO3	Rhodochrosite(d)	10.39	W
•	MnHPO4	MnHPO4	12.95	W
	MnO2	Pyrolusite	17.84	W
	MnO2	Birnessite	15.62	W
	MnOOH	Manganite	18.26	W
	MnS	MnS(Green)	10.19	W
•	MnSO4	MnSO4	-2.67	W
	Na2Ca(SO4)2	Glauberite	5.47	L
•	Na2CO3:10H2O	Natron	1.31	W
•	Na2CO3:H2O	Thermonatrite	-0.13	W
	Na2Cr2O7	Na2Cr2O7	9.90	M
	Na2CrO4	Na2CrO4	-3.26	M
	Na2K6(SO4)4	Glaserite	7.61	³
•	Na2SO4	Thenardite	0.18	W
•	Na2SO4:10H2O	Mirabilite	1.11	W
	NaAlSi3O8	Albite		W
•	NaCl	Halite	-1.58	W
	NaFe3(SO4)2(OH)6	Jarosite-Na	89.22	W
•	NaHCO3	Nahcolite	0.55	W
•	NaHCO3:Na2CO3:2H2O	Trona	0.80	W
•	Ni(OH)2	Ni(OH)2	17.18	W
•	NiCO3	NiCO3	6.84	W
	NiS	Millerite	22.03	W
	Nsutite	Nsutite	16.66	W
•	Pb(OH)2	Pb(OH)2	19.83	W
	Pb3(AsO4)2	Pb3(AsO4)2	35.40	W
	Pb5(PO4)3Cl	Clpyromorphite	84.43	W
	Pb5(PO4)3OH	Hxypyromorphite	76.78	W
•	PbBr2	PbBr2	5.18	W
•	PbBrF	PbBrF	8.49	W
	PbClF	Matlockite	9.43	W
	PbCO3	Cerrusite	13.13	W
	PbCrO4	PbCrO4	13.68	M
•	PbF2	PbF2	7.44	W
	PbHPO4	PbHPO4	11.46	W
•	PbI2	PbI2	8.07	W
	PbS	Galena	26.77	W
	PbSO4	Anglesite	7.79	W
	S	Sulfur	10.52	W
•	SiO2	SiO2(a)	2.71	W
	SiO2	Quartz	3.98	W
	SiO2	Chalcedony	3.55	W
	SiO2	Silicagel	3.02	W
•	SrCO3	Strontianite	9.27	W
	SrCrO4	SrCrO4	4.84	M
•	SrF2	SrF2	8.54	W
•	SrSO4	Celestite	6.63	W
	U3O8	U3O8(c)		W
	U4O9	U4O9(c)		W
•	UO2	UO2(a)	55.86	W
	UO2	Uraninite(c)	60.76	W
•	UO2(OH)2:H2O	Schoepite	22.58	W
	UO2CO3	Rutherfordine	14.45	W
	USiO4	Coffinite		W
•	Zn(OH)2	Zn(OH)2-c	15.78	W
	Zn3(AsO4)2:2.5H2O	Zn3(AsO4)2:2.5w	27.55	W
	Zn3(PO4)2:4H2O	Zn3(PO4)2:4w	32.04	W
•	ZnCO3	Smithsonite	10.00	W
	ZnS	Sphalerite	25.61	W
	ZnS	Wurtzite	23.67	W
	ZnS	ZnS(a)	23.04	W

Table sorted by mineral name

	Mineral	Formula	pK_sp	Ref
	Adularia	KAlSi3O8		W
•	Al(OH)3(a)	Al(OH)3	31.17	W
	Albite	NaAlSi3O8		W
•	AlumK	KAl(SO4)2:12H2O	5.17	W
	Alunite	KAl3(SO4)2(OH)6	85.34	W
	Amm2CrO4	(NH4)2CrO4	-0.40	W
	Anglesite	PbSO4	7.79	W
	Anhydrite	CaSO4	4.36	W
	Anilite	Cu0.25Cu1.5S	45.87	W
	Anorthite	CaAl2Si2O8		W
	Antarcticite	CaCl2:6H2O	-4.09	L
	Antlerite	Cu3(OH)4SO4	47.67	W
	Aragonite	CaCO3	8.34	W
	Arcanite	K2SO4	1.80	L
	AsI3	AsI3		W
•	Atacamite	Cu2(OH)3Cl	34.63	W
	Azurite	Cu3(OH)2(CO3)2	44.89	W
	Ba3(AsO4)2	Ba3(AsO4)2	50.11	W
	BaCrO4	BaCrO4	9.67	M
•	BaF2	BaF2	5.76	W
•	Barite	BaSO4	9.97	W
	Birnessite	MnO2	15.62	W
	Bischofite	MgCl2:6H2O	-4.39	L
	Bixbyite	Mn2O3	84.55	W
	BlaubleiI	Cu0.6Cu0.8S	38.15	W
	BlaubleiII	Cu0.9Cu0.2S	41.27	W
	Bobierrite	Mg3(PO4)2:8H2O	25.20	³
	Boehmite	AlOOH	33.39	W
	Brochantite	Cu4(OH)6SO4	68.60	W
•	Brucite	Mg(OH)2	11.14	W
	Brushite	CaHPO4:2H2O	6.61	M
	CaCO3(a)	CaCO3	6.40	²
	CaCO3:H2O	CaCO3:H2O	7.33	²
	CaCrO4	CaCrO4	2.27	M
•	Calcite	CaCO3	8.48	W
	Cd(BO2)2	Cd(BO2)2	-0.60	W
•	Cd(OH)2(a)	Cd(OH)2	14.25	W
	Cd3(PO4)2	Cd3(PO4)2	32.60	W
	CdBr2:4H2O	CdBr2:4H2O	2.42	W
	CdCl2	CdCl2	0.68	W
	CdCl2:H2O	CdCl2:H2O	1.71	W
	CdF2	CdF2	2.98	W
	CdI2	CdI2	3.61	W
	CdSO4	CdSO4	0.10	W
	CdSO4:H2O	CdSO4:H2O	1.66	W
•	Celestite	SrSO4	6.63	W
	Cerrusite	PbCO3	13.13	W
	Chalcanthite	CuSO4:5H2O	2.64	W
	Chalcedony	SiO2	3.55	W
	Chalcocite	Cu2S	48.61	W
	Chalcopyrite	CuFeS2	49.26	W
	Cinnabar	HgS	53.08	M
	Clpyromorphite	Pb5(PO4)3Cl	84.43	W
	Coffinite	USiO4		W
	Covellite	CuS	36.26	W
•	Cr(OH)2	Cr(OH)2	17.16	M
•	Cr(OH)3(A)	Cr(OH)3	33.10	M
•	Cr(OH)3(C)	Cr(OH)3	30.65	M
	CrBr3	CrBr3	-29.53	M
	CrCl2	CrCl2	-15.87	M
	CrCl3	CrCl3	-23.13	M
	CrF3	CrF3	3.64	M
	CrI3	CrI3	-30.10	M
	Cu(OH)2	Cu(OH)2	19.34	W
•	Cu2(OH)3NO3	Cu2(OH)3NO3	32.73	W
	Cu3(AsO4)2:6w	Cu3(AsO4)2:6H2O	35.12	W
	Cu3(PO4)2	Cu3(PO4)2	36.85	W
•	Cu3(PO4)2:3H2O	Cu3(PO4)2:3H2O	35.12	W
	CuCO3	CuCO3	9.63	W
	CuCrO4	CuCrO4	5.48	M
•	CuF2	CuF2	0.62	W
•	CuF2:2H2O	CuF2:2H2O	4.55	W
•	CuI	CuI	11.89	W
	CuprousFerrite	CuFeO2	64.88	W
	Diaspore	AlOOH	35.09	W
	Diopside	CaMgSi2O6		W
	Djurleite	Cu0.066Cu1.868S	47.91	W
	Dolomite	CaMg(CO3)2	17.09	W
	Ettringite	Ca6Al2(SO4)3(OH)12:26H2O	-62.54	L
•	Fe(OH)2	Fe(OH)2	14.08	L
•	Fe(OH)3(a)	Fe(OH)3	37.08	W
	FeCr2O4	FeCr2O4		M
	FeMoO4	FeMoO4	10.09	M
	FeO	FeO	14.45	L
	FeS(ppt)	FeS	17.91	W
•	Fluorite	CaF2	10.60	W
	Galena	PbS	26.77	W
	Gibbsite	Al(OH)3	33.86	W
	Glaserite	Na2K6(SO4)4	7.61	³
	Glauberite	Na2Ca(SO4)2	5.47	L
	Goethite	FeOOH	42.97	W
	Greenalite	Fe3Si2O5(OH)4	63.13	W
•	Greenockite	CdS	29.92	W
	Greigite	Fe3S4	101.00	W
•	Gypsum	CaSO4:2H2O	4.58	W
•	Halite	NaCl	-1.58	W
	Hausmannite	Mn3O4	54.15	W
	Hematite	Fe2O3	87.95	W
•	Hg(OH)2	Hg(OH)2	25.38	M
	HgCl2	HgCl2	15.69	M
	HgSO4	HgSO4	3.32	M
	Hxypyromorphite	Pb5(PO4)3OH	76.78	W
	Hydrophilite	CaCl2	-11.79	L
•	Hydroxyapatite	Ca5(PO4)3OH	54.45	W
	Ikaite	CaCO3:6H2O	6.62	²
	Illite	K0.6Mg0.25Al2.3Si3.5O10(OH)2		W
	Jarosite(ss)	K0.77Na0.03H0.2Fe3(SO4)2(OH)6	90.35	W
	JarositeH	H3OFe3(SO4)2(OH)6	75.34	W
	Jarosite-K	KFe3(SO4)2(OH)6	93.15	W
	Jarosite-Na	NaFe3(SO4)2(OH)6	89.22	W
	Jurbanite	AlOHSO4	17.22	W
	K2CO3:1.5H2O	K2CO3:1.5H2O	3.30	L
	K2Cr2O7	K2Cr2O7	15.67	M
	K2CrO4	K2CrO4	-0.01	M
	K2MoO4	K2MoO4	-3.26	M
	Kaolinite	Al2Si2O5(OH)4		W
	Kmica	KAl3Si3O10(OH)2		W
	KNaCO3:6H2O	KNaCO3:6H2O	6.42	L
	Langite	Cu4(OH)6SO4:H2O	67.15	W
	Li2CrO4	Li2CrO4	-4.86	M
	Mackinawite	FeS	18.64	W
	Magnesite	MgCO3	8.03	W
	Magnetite	Fe3O4	108.18	W
	Malachite	Cu2(OH)2CO3	33.16	W
	Manganite	MnOOH	18.26	W
	Matlockite	PbClF	9.43	W
	Melanothallite	CuCl2	-3.73	W
	Metacinnabar	HgS	52.72	M
	Mg3(PO4)2:22H2O	Mg3(PO4)2:22H2O	23.10	³
	MgCr2O4	MgCr2O4		M
	MgCrO4	MgCrO4	-5.38	M
	MgMoO4	MgMoO4	1.85	M
	Millerite	NiS	22.03	W
•	Mirabilite	Na2SO4:10H2O	1.11	W
•	Mn2(SO4)3	Mn2(SO4)3	5.71	W
	Mn3(AsO4)2:8H2O	Mn3(AsO4)2:8H2O	28.71	W
•	Mn3(PO4)2	Mn3(PO4)2	23.83	W
•	MnCl2:4H2O	MnCl2:4H2O	-2.71	W
•	MnHPO4	MnHPO4	12.95	W
	MnS(Green)	MnS	10.19	W
•	MnSO4	MnSO4	-2.67	W
	Monetite	CaHPO4	6.91	M
	Montmorillonite-Ca	Ca0.165Al2.33Si3.67O10(OH)2		W
	Na2Cr2O7	Na2Cr2O7	9.90	M
	Na2CrO4	Na2CrO4	-3.26	M
•	Nahcolite	NaHCO3	0.55	W
•	Natron	Na2CO3:10H2O	1.31	W
	Newberyite	MgHPO4:3H2O	5.80	³
•	Ni(OH)2	Ni(OH)2	17.18	W
•	NiCO3	NiCO3	6.84	W
	Nsutite	Nsutite	16.66	W
•	Otavite	CdCO3	12.10	W
•	Pb(OH)2	Pb(OH)2	19.83	W
	Pb3(AsO4)2	Pb3(AsO4)2	35.40	W
•	PbBr2	PbBr2	5.18	W
•	PbBrF	PbBrF	8.49	W
	PbCrO4	PbCrO4	13.68	M
•	PbF2	PbF2	7.44	W
	PbHPO4	PbHPO4	11.46	W
•	PbI2	PbI2	8.07	W
•	Portlandite	Ca(OH)2	5.18	W
	Powellite	CaMoO4	7.95	M
	Pyrite	FeS2	26.89	W
•	Pyrochroite	Mn(OH)2	12.78	W
	Pyrolusite	MnO2	17.84	W
	Quartz	SiO2	3.98	W
•	Rhodochrosite(d)	MnCO3	10.39	W
	Rutherfordine	UO2CO3	14.45	W
•	Schoepite	UO2(OH)2:H2O	22.58	W
•	Scorodite	FeAsO4:2H2O	20.25	W
•	Siderite	FeCO3	10.89	W
	Silicagel	SiO2	3.02	W
•	SiO2(a)	SiO2	2.71	W
•	Smithsonite	ZnCO3	10.00	W
	Sphalerite	ZnS	25.61	W
	SrCrO4	SrCrO4	4.84	M
•	SrF2	SrF2	8.54	W
•	Strengite	FePO4:2H2O	26.40	W
•	Strontianite	SrCO3	9.27	W
	Struvite	MgNH4PO4:6H2O	13.17	⁴
	Sulfur	S	10.52	W
	Sylvite	KCl	-0.85	L
	Syngenite	K2Ca(SO4)2:H2O	7.60	L
	Talc	Mg3Si4O10(OH)2		W
	Tenorite	CuO	20.36	W
•	Thenardite	Na2SO4	0.18	W
•	Thermonatrite	Na2CO3:H2O	-0.13	W
•	Trona	NaHCO3:Na2CO3:2H2O	0.80	W
	U3O8(c)	U3O8		W
	U4O9(c)	U4O9		W
•	UO2(a)	UO2	55.86	W
	Uraninite(c)	UO2	60.76	W
	Uranophane	Ca(UO2)2(SiO3OH)2		W
	Vaterite	CaCO3	7.91	¹
•	Witherite	BaCO3	8.56	W
	Wurtzite	ZnS	23.67	W
•	Zn(OH)2-c	Zn(OH)2	15.78	W
	Zn3(AsO4)2:2.5w	Zn3(AsO4)2:2.5H2O	27.55	W
	Zn3(PO4)2:4w	Zn3(PO4)2:4H2O	32.04	W
	ZnS(a)	ZnS	23.04	W

References

Most of the data are taken from PhreeqC’s thermodynamic databases:

[W]	Database wateq4f: J.W. Ball and D.K. Nordstrom: WATEQ4F – User’s manual with revised thermodynamic data base and test cases for calculating speciation of major, trace and redox elements in natural waters, U.S.G.S. Open-File Report 90-129, 1991
[M]	Database minteq: J.D. Allison, D.S. Brown, K.J. Novo-Gradac: MINTEQA2/PRODEFA2, A Geochemical Assessment Model for Environmental Systems, Version 3.0, User’s Manual, EPA/600/3-91/021, March 1991
[L]	Database llnl: ‘thermo.com.V8.R6.230’ prepared by Jim Johnson at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, in Geochemist’s Workbench format. Converted to PhreeqC format by Greg Anderson with help from David Parkhurst (llnl.dat 4023 2010-02-09 21:02:42Z dlpark)

Additional data are taken from:

L.N. Plummer, E. Busenberg: The solubilities of calcite, aragonite and vaterite in CO2-H2O solutions between 0 and 90°C, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 46: 1011-1040, 1982↩↩2
J.Y. Gal, Y. Fovet, N. Gache: Mechanisms of scale formation and carbon dioxide partial pressure influence, Water Res., 36 (2002) 755-763↩↩2↩3↩4↩5↩6
Database sit.dat: developed by Amphos 21, BRGM (French Bureau of Research for Geology and Mining), and HydrAsa for ANDRA (French Agency for the Management of Nuclear Waste).↩↩2↩3↩4↩5↩6↩7↩8
M. Hanhoun et al.: Temperature impact assessment on struvite solubility product: A thermodynamic modeling approach, Chemical Engineering Journal 167 (2011) 50-58↩↩2

[last modified: 2017-01-21]